Retraction

Retraction of Articles

The editorial board of the journal follows international standards of publication ethics, in particular the recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

Retraction (withdrawal) of an article is an official notification by the Editorial Office to readers that published material contains serious violations of research or publication ethics, or significant errors that render the study's conclusions unreliable. When an article is retracted, it is not removed from the Journal's archive, but in both the electronic and printed versions it is clearly marked as "Retracted," with an indication of the reasons.

Retraction of an article is an official procedure applied in cases where significant violations of academic integrity are identified, including:

- detected plagiarism, unethical borrowing, or duplicate publication;

- fabrication or falsification of data;

- major methodological or factual errors that radically change the interpretation of the results;

- violation of the rights of third parties (including copyright and related rights);

- concealment of a significant conflict of interest;

- other serious violations of publication ethics identified by the Editorial Office or confirmed by external experts.

In such cases, the published article is subject to retraction:

• a retraction notice is published in both the electronic and printed versions of the journal;
• the article metadata are marked as "RETRACTED" with an indication of the reasons:
• the article is excluded from academic circulation as an unreliable source.

All payments made by the author for publication are non-refundable.

The purpose of retraction is to preserve academic integrity, protect authors' rights, and maintain the trust of the scientific community in published materials.

The Journal's retraction policy is based on the recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and is aimed at maintaining a high level of trust in the materials published in the Journal and at protecting the integrity of scholarly knowledge.